منابع مشابه
Core Units of Spoken Grammar in Global ELT Textbooks
Materials evaluation studies have constantly demonstrated that there is no one fixed procedure for conducting textbook evaluation studies. Instead, the criteria must be selected according to the needs and objectives of the context in which evaluation takes place. The speaking skill as part of the communicative competence has been emphasized as an important objective in language teaching. The pr...
متن کاملA French Interaction Grammar
Interaction Grammars (IGs) are a grammatical formalism which uses two fundamental concepts : underspecification and polarity [Per00, Per04]. These concepts apply to both syntax and semantics of natural languages but here, we only consider the syntactic level. In this context, underspecification essentially means underspecification of syntactic trees, and it is expressed using the notion of tree...
متن کاملAuxiliaries And Clitics In French UCG Grammar
French auxilliaries and clitics have been analysed in the flame of U.C.G. (Unification Categorial Grammar). Concatenation of a functor sign and an adjacent argument sign is the basic operation of the model ; unification allows (a) to verify ff constraints on concatenation are respected ; (b) to produce a flow of information between the functor sign and the argument sign. The rules of the gramma...
متن کاملGrammar Learning for Spoken Language Understanding
Many state-of-the-art conversational systems use semantic-based robust understanding and manually derived grammars, a very time-consuming and error-prone process. This paper describes a machine-aided grammar authoring system that enables a programmer to rapidly develop a high quality grammar for conversational systems. This is achieved with a combination of domain-specific semantics, a library ...
متن کاملTowards a Grammar of Spoken Language
So-called ill-formed utterances abound in natural discourse. This paper describes how listeners can understand such utterances in a discourse, including speech hesitations and slips-of-the-tongue. Through analysis of durations of utterances and their succeeding pauses, and of intonation patterns, and also through listener understanding experiments using ill-formed utterances, the following resu...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The Modern Language Journal
سال: 1958
ISSN: 0026-7902
DOI: 10.2307/320355